1.
manifestation
(n.) [kənˈtɛmpəˌrɛri]
-A manifestation of something
is one of the different ways in which it can
appear.
Ex: New York is the
ultimate manifestation of American values.
2.
far-reaching (adj.) [ˈfɑrˈritʃɪŋ]
- If you describe actions, events, or changes
as far-reaching, you mean
that
they have a very great influence and affect a great number of things.
Ex: The economy is in danger
of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are
implemented.
3.
countryside
(n.) [ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd]
- The countryside is land, which is away from towns and
cities.
Ex: We are surrounded by lots
of beautiful countryside.
4.
accumulate (v.) [ək'ju:mjʊleɪtɪd]
- When you accumulate things or when they accumulate, they
collect or
are gathered over a period of
time.
Ex: I seem to have accumulated a
lot of books.
5.
aristocrats (n.) [æ'rɪstəkræts]
- An aristocrat is someone, whose
family has a high social rank,
especially someone who has a title.
Ex: Many aristocrats were
killed in the French Revolution.
6.
craft (n.) [kræft]
-
A craft is an activity
such as weaving, carving, or pottery that involves
making things skillfully with your
hands.
Ex: All kinds of
traditional craft industries are preserved here.
7.
senatorial
(adj.) [ˌsɛnəˈtɔriəl, -ˈtor-]
- Senatorial means belonging to or relating to a
Senate.
Ex: He
has senatorial experience in defense and foreign policy.
8.
exert (v.) [ɪɡˈzɚt]
- If someone or something exerts influence,
authority, or pressure, they
use it in a strong or determined way,
especially in order to produce a
particular effect.
Ex: Ken exerted
considerable influence on the thinking of the scientific
community on these issues.
9.
groundwork (n.) [ˈɡraʊndˌwə:k]
- The groundwork for something
is the early work on it which forms the
basis
for further work.
Ex: These courses provide
the groundwork of phonetic theory.
10.
plague (n.)/(v.) [pleɡ]
- A plague is a very
infectious disease that spreads quickly and kills large
numbers of people.
Ex: Plague was
then prevailing in that city
- If you are plagued by unpleasant
things, they continually cause you a
lot of trouble or suffering.
Ex: Fears about job security plague nearly half
the workforce.
11.
civil (adj.) [ˈsɪvəl]
- You use civil to
describe events that happen within a country and that
involve the different groups of people in
it.
ex: The terrible specter of civil war hung over the country once again.
12.
demise (n.) [dɪˈmaɪz]
-The demise of something
or someone is their end or death.
Ex: The war brought about the
industry's sudden demise.
13.
gulf (n.) [ɡʌlf]
- A gulf is a large
area of sea which extends a long way into the
surrounding land.
Ex: Iraq
has been drained of its strength by the Gulf War.
-A gulf is
an important or significant difference between two people,
things, or groups.
Ex: Within society, there is a growing gulf between
rich and poor.
14.
fabric (n.) [ˈfæbrɪk]
-The fabric of
a society or system is its basic structure, with all the
customs and beliefs that make it work
successfully.
Ex: Years
of civil war have wrecked the country's infrastructure and
destroyed its social fabric.
15.
tension (n.) [ˈtɛnʃən]
- Tension is a feeling of worry
and anxiety which makes it difficult for you
to
relax.
Ex: Smiling and laughing has actually been
shown to relieve tension and
stress.
- Tension is
the feeling that is produced in a situation when people are
anxious and do not trust each other, and when
there is a possibility of
sudden violence or conflict.
Ex: Local police are trying to defuse
racial tension in the community.
16.
accompany (v.) [əˈkʌmpəni, əˈkʌmpni]
- If
you accompany someone, you go somewhere with them
Ex: He'll
remain to accompany you.
17.
frontiers(n.) [ˈfrʌnˌtiəz]
- A frontier is
a border between two countries.
Ex: Sweden
has frontiers with Norway and Finland.
18.
desperate (v.) [ˈdɛspərɪt]
- If you
are desperate for something or desperate to do
something, you
want
or need it very much indeed.
Ex: They are desperate for
him to do something.
- A desperate situation is
very difficult, serious, or dangerous.
ex: I
decided not to abandon Jack when he was in such
a desperate position.
19.
invade (v.) [ɪnˈved]
-To invade a country means
to enter it by force with an army.
Ex: The
Romans and the Normans came to Britain as invading armies.
20.
secular (adj.) [ˈsɛkjəlɚ]
- You use secular to
describe things that have no connection
religion.
Ex: He spoke
about preserving the country as a secular state.
21.
consolidating (v.) [kənˈsɔlideitɪŋ]
-If you consolidate something
that you have, for example power or
success, you strengthen it so that it becomes
more effective or secure.
Ex: He has been steadily consolidating his
power since the coup.
22.
conquer (v.) [ˈkɑŋkɚ]
- If one country or group of people conquers another,
they take complete
control of their land.
Ex: When will scientists conquer the
stars?
23.
affair (n.) [əˈfɛr]
- If an event or a series of events has been
mentioned and you want to
talk about it again, you can refer to it
as the affair .
Ex: He had become brazen about the
whole affair.
24.
aptitude (n.) [ˈæptɪˌtud, -ˌtjud]
-
Someone's aptitude for a
particular kind of work or activity is their
ability to learn it quickly and to do it
well.
Ex: Some students have
more aptitude for academic work than others.
25.
aqueduct (n.) [ˈækwɪˌdʌkt]
- Aqueduct is a long bridge with many arches, which carries a water
supply or a canal over a valley.
Ex: The ancient aqueduct stood out
against the clear sky.
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